03An Hourglass That Counts Time With Grains Squeezing Through the Neck and Piling Up

<main class="stage">
  <div class="cd is-demo" id="cd" data-demo="1">
    <div class="cd__view cd__view--scene">
      <canvas class="cd__cv" data-r="cv" role="img" aria-label="An hourglass with grains falling through the neck"></canvas>
      <p class="cd__read cd__read--corner" role="timer"><b data-r="num">1.5</b><span>s</span></p>
    </div>
    <div class="cd__bar">
      <button class="cd__btn" type="button" data-r="toggle">Pause</button>
      <button class="cd__btn" type="button" data-r="reset">Reset</button>
    </div>
    <p class="cd__sr" aria-live="polite" data-r="status"></p>
  </div>
</main>

@use "../../../../site/static/demo-tokens" as *;

// 핵심: 남은 시간 하나(경과는 rAF 타임스탬프 누적)에서 모양을 계산해 그린다. CSS 는 모양과 색만 맡는다.

$bg: $stage-ink;
$fg: $subject-cream;
$btn: rgba($subject-cream, .14);
@include stage($bg);
.cd {
  --view-h: min(calc(100vh - 2 * clamp(8px, 4vw, 24px) - 48px), 196px);
  position: relative;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 100%;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  gap: $sp-2;
  color: $fg;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 20px;
  font-weight: 600;
}
.cd__view { position: relative; }
.cd__view--scene { width: 100%; height: var(--view-h); overflow: hidden; border-radius: $r-card; background: mix($stage-ink, $subject-lilac, 88%); }
.cd__cv { display: block; width: 100%; height: 100%; }
.cd__read { margin: 0; display: flex; align-items: baseline; gap: $sp-1; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.cd__read b { font-size: 28px; line-height: 32px; font-weight: 800; }
.cd__read--center { position: absolute; left: 50%; top: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, -50%); }
.cd__read--corner { position: absolute; left: $sp-2; top: $sp-2; }
.cd__bar { display: flex; gap: $sp-2; }
.cd__btn {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  height: 36px;
  padding: 0 $sp-4;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: $r-control;
  background: $btn;
  color: $fg;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 20px;
  font-weight: 700;
  cursor: pointer;
}
.cd__btn:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid $subject-lilac; outline-offset: 2px; }
.cd__sr { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0 0 0 0); white-space: nowrap; }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .cd__strip { filter: none !important; }
  .cd__leaf { display: none !important; }
}
.cd {
  --sand: #{mix($stage-yellow, $subject-cream, 60%)};
  --sand2: #{mix($subject-pink, $stage-yellow, 40%)};
  --glass: #{mix($subject-sky, $subject-cream, 55%)};
}

html, body {
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.stage {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  min-height: 100vh;
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  margin: 0;
  background: #17141a;
  font-family: -apple-system, "Segoe UI", "Noto Sans KR", sans-serif;
  padding: clamp(8px, 4vw, 24px);
}

.cd {
  --view-h: min(calc(100vh - 2 * clamp(8px, 4vw, 24px) - 48px), 196px);
  position: relative;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  width: 100%;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 8px;
  color: #fff7e6;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 20px;
  font-weight: 600;
}

.cd__view {
  position: relative;
}

.cd__view--scene {
  width: 100%;
  height: var(--view-h);
  overflow: hidden;
  border-radius: 16px;
  background: rgb(16.6431372549%, 14.431372549%, 20.9725490196%);
}

.cd__cv {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.cd__read {
  margin: 0;
  display: flex;
  align-items: baseline;
  gap: 4px;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

.cd__read b {
  font-size: 28px;
  line-height: 32px;
  font-weight: 800;
}

.cd__read--center {
  position: absolute;
  left: 50%;
  top: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

.cd__read--corner {
  position: absolute;
  left: 8px;
  top: 8px;
}

.cd__bar {
  display: flex;
  gap: 8px;
}

.cd__btn {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  height: 36px;
  padding: 0 16px;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 12px;
  background: rgba(255, 247, 230, 0.14);
  color: #fff7e6;
  font-size: 14px;
  line-height: 20px;
  font-weight: 700;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.cd__btn:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid #b9a0ff;
  outline-offset: 2px;
}

.cd__sr {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  margin: 0;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .cd__strip {
    filter: none !important;
  }
  .cd__leaf {
    display: none !important;
  }
}
.cd {
  --sand: rgb(100%, 88.1568627451%, 50.9019607843%);
  --sand2: rgb(100%, 74.1960784314%, 44.1568627451%);
  --glass: rgb(68.7254901961%, 86.7254901961%, 95.5882352941%);
}

(function () {
    const root = document.getElementById("cd");
    if (!root) return;
    function cx(s) {
        return s;
    }
    const reduce = window.matchMedia("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)").matches;
    let demo = !reduce;
    let running = demo;
    let elapsed = 0;
    let lastTs = -1;
    let lastDraw = -1e9;
    let raf = 0;
    const hooks = { stop: () => { } };
    const offs = [];
    const TOTAL_MS = 1500;
    const HOLD_MS = 300;
    const GRAIN_COUNT = 600;
    const DROP_RATE = 240;
    let totalMs = TOTAL_MS;
    const cv = q('[data-r="cv"]');
    const ctx2d = cv.getContext("2d");
    if (!ctx2d)
        return () => { };
    const g = ctx2d;
    let cw = 1;
    let ch = 1;
    let dpr = 1;
    // 캔버스 안쪽 해상도를 화면 크기와 devicePixelRatio 에 맞춘다. 리사이즈마다 Reset 호출된다
    function fitCanvas() {
        const r = cv.getBoundingClientRect();
        dpr = Math.min(2, window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
        cw = Math.max(1, Math.round(r.width));
        ch = Math.max(1, Math.round(r.height));
        cv.width = Math.round(cw * dpr);
        cv.height = Math.round(ch * dpr);
        g.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
    }
    function cssVar(name) {
        return getComputedStyle(root).getPropertyValue(name).trim();
    }
    function parseColor(h) {
        // CSS 변수 값은 #rrggbb 로도, rgb(r, g, b) 로도, rgb(100%, 50%, 0%) 로도 나올 수 있다
        const m6 = /^#([0-9a-f]{6})$/i.exec(h);
        if (m6) {
            const n = parseInt(m6[1], 16);
            return [(n >> 16) & 255, (n >> 8) & 255, n & 255];
        }
        const m = /([0-9.]+)(%?)[ ,]+([0-9.]+)(%?)[ ,]+([0-9.]+)(%?)/.exec(h);
        if (!m)
            return [255, 255, 255];
        const ch = (v, pct) => Math.round(pct ? (Number(v) * 255) / 100 : Number(v));
        return [ch(m[1], m[2]), ch(m[3], m[4]), ch(m[5], m[6])];
    }
    function rgba(c, a) {
        return "rgba(" + c[0] + "," + c[1] + "," + c[2] + "," + a.toFixed(3) + ")";
    }
    function q(sel) {
        return root.querySelector(sel);
    }
    function on(el, type, fn) {
        el.addEventListener(type, fn);
        offs.push(() => el.removeEventListener(type, fn));
    }
    function clamp(v, lo, hi) {
        return Math.max(lo, Math.min(hi, v));
    }
    // 지수 접근: 프레임률이 달라도 같은 속도가 되도록 dt 를 60fps 프레임 수로 환산해 쓴다
    function approach(x, target, per, dt) {
        return x + (target - x) * (1 - Math.pow(1 - per, dt * 60));
    }
    const toggle = q('[data-r="toggle"]');
    const resetBtn = q('[data-r="reset"]');
    const status = q('[data-r="status"]');
    // 남은 시간. 경과는 rAF 타임스탬프 차이를 누적한 값이라 시계를 따로 읽지 않는다
    function remainMs() {
        return clamp(totalMs - elapsed, 0, totalMs);
    }
    function syncButtons() {
        toggle.textContent = running ? "Pause" : "Start";
        toggle.setAttribute("aria-pressed", running ? "true" : "false");
    }
    // 스크린리더 안내는 멈출 때와 끝날 때만 갱신한다. 시연 루프 중에는 읽지 않는다
    function say(msg) {
        if (!demo)
            status.textContent = msg;
    }
    function stopDemo() {
        if (!demo)
            return;
        demo = false;
        root.classList.remove("is-demo");
        root.removeAttribute("data-demo");
        hooks.stop();
    }
    function restart() {
        elapsed = 0;
        resetState();
    }
    function update(dt) {
        tick(dt);
        draw();
    }
    function frame(ts) {
        raf = requestAnimationFrame(frame);
        const raw = lastTs < 0 ? 0 : ts - lastTs;
        lastTs = ts;
        if (running) {
            elapsed += raw;
            if (demo) {
                const cycle = totalMs + HOLD_MS;
                if (elapsed >= cycle) {
                    elapsed %= cycle;
                    resetState();
                }
            }
            else if (elapsed >= totalMs) {
                elapsed = totalMs;
                running = false;
                say("Time is up");
                syncButtons();
            }
        }
        if (reduce && ts - lastDraw < 250)
            return;
        lastDraw = ts;
        update(Math.min(raw, 50) / 1000);
    }
    on(toggle, "click", () => {
        stopDemo();
        if (!running && elapsed >= totalMs)
            restart();
        running = !running;
        say(running ? "" : "Paused");
        syncButtons();
        update(0);
    });
    on(resetBtn, "click", () => {
        stopDemo();
        running = false;
        restart();
        say("");
        syncButtons();
        update(0);
    });
    const GW = 96;
    const GH = 96;
    const NECK_TOP = GH / 2 - 1;
    // 목 너비(칸 수): 한 칸 열이 초당 DROP_RATE 알갱이를 흘릴 수 있으니, 필요한 유량 = 알갱이 수 / 시간 을 그 값으로 나눠 올림한다
    const NECK_W = Math.max(2, 2 * Math.ceil(GRAIN_COUNT / (TOTAL_MS / 1000) / DROP_RATE / 2));
    // <sim>
    const grid = new Uint8Array(GW * GH);
    const wall = new Uint8Array(GW * GH);
    let released = 0;
    let seed = 12345;
    let stepNo = 0;
    let acc = 0;
    function halfWidth(r) {
        const d = Math.abs(r - (GH - 1) / 2) - 0.5;
        return NECK_W / 2 + (GW / 2 - 1 - NECK_W / 2) * (d / (GH / 2 - 1));
    }
    function inside(r, c) {
        if (r < 0 || r >= GH || c < 0 || c >= GW)
            return false;
        return Math.abs(c + 0.5 - GW / 2) <= halfWidth(r);
    }
    function rand() {
        seed = (Math.imul(seed, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
        return seed / 4294967296;
    }
    function fillTop() {
        grid.fill(0);
        released = 0;
        let n = 0;
        for (let r = NECK_TOP - 1; r >= 0 && n < GRAIN_COUNT; r--) {
            for (let c = 0; c < GW && n < GRAIN_COUNT; c++) {
                if (inside(r, c)) {
                    grid[r * GW + c] = 1;
                    n++;
                }
            }
        }
        return n;
    }
    // 목 위쪽 줄로 들어가는 알갱이는 허용량 allowed 가 남아 있을 때만 통과한다
    function canEnter(r, c, allowed) {
        if (!inside(r, c) || grid[r * GW + c] !== 0)
            return false;
        if (r === NECK_TOP && released >= allowed)
            return false;
        return true;
    }
    function move(r, c, r2, c2) {
        grid[r * GW + c] = 0;
        grid[r2 * GW + c2] = 1;
        if (r2 === NECK_TOP)
            released++;
    }
    // 한 스텝: 아래 칸이 비면 떨어지고, 막히면 좌우 대각선 아래로 미끄러진다(안식각)
    function step(allowed) {
        stepNo++;
        for (let r = GH - 2; r >= 0; r--) {
            const ltr = ((r + stepNo) & 1) === 0;
            for (let k = 0; k < GW; k++) {
                const c = ltr ? k : GW - 1 - k;
                if (grid[r * GW + c] === 0)
                    continue;
                if (canEnter(r + 1, c, allowed)) {
                    move(r, c, r + 1, c);
                    continue;
                }
                const first = rand() < 0.5 ? -1 : 1;
                if (canEnter(r + 1, c + first, allowed) && inside(r, c + first))
                    move(r, c, r + 1, c + first);
                else if (canEnter(r + 1, c - first, allowed) && inside(r, c - first))
                    move(r, c, r + 1, c - first);
            }
        }
    }
    function allowedAt(ms) {
        return Math.floor(GRAIN_COUNT * clamp(ms / totalMs, 0, 1) + 1e-6);
    }
    // </sim>
    for (let r = 0; r < GH; r++) {
        for (let c = 0; c < GW; c++) {
            if (inside(r, c))
                continue;
            if (inside(r - 1, c) || inside(r + 1, c) || inside(r, c - 1) || inside(r, c + 1))
                wall[r * GW + c] = 1;
        }
    }
    const off = document.createElement("canvas");
    off.width = GW;
    off.height = GH;
    const offCtx = off.getContext("2d");
    if (!offCtx)
        return () => { };
    const oc = offCtx;
    const img = oc.createImageData(GW, GH);
    const num = q('[data-r="num"]');
    let sand = [255, 233, 159];
    let sandB = [255, 200, 150];
    let glass = [182, 216, 255];
    function resize() {
        fitCanvas();
        sand = parseColor(cssVar("--sand"));
        sandB = parseColor(cssVar("--sand2"));
        glass = parseColor(cssVar("--glass"));
    }
    function resetState() {
        seed = 12345;
        stepNo = 0;
        acc = 0;
        fillTop();
    }
    function tick(dt) {
        const allowed = allowedAt(elapsed);
        if (reduce) {
            // 움직임 줄이기: 낙하 과정 없이 허용량까지 한꺼번에 굴려 결과 모양만 그린다
            for (let i = 0; i < 400 && (released < allowed || i < 30); i++)
                step(allowed);
            return;
        }
        acc += dt * DROP_RATE;
        let n = Math.floor(acc);
        acc -= n;
        n = Math.min(n, 12);
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
            step(allowed);
    }
    function draw() {
        const px = img.data;
        for (let r = 0; r < GH; r++) {
            for (let c = 0; c < GW; c++) {
                const i = r * GW + c;
                const o = i * 4;
                if (grid[i] === 1) {
                    const m = ((r * 7 + c * 13) % 5) / 4;
                    const col = m > 0.5 ? sand : sandB;
                    const sh = 0.9 + 0.1 * m;
                    px[o] = col[0] * sh;
                    px[o + 1] = col[1] * sh;
                    px[o + 2] = col[2] * sh;
                    px[o + 3] = 255;
                }
                else if (wall[i] === 1) {
                    px[o] = glass[0];
                    px[o + 1] = glass[1];
                    px[o + 2] = glass[2];
                    px[o + 3] = 230;
                }
                else {
                    px[o + 3] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        oc.putImageData(img, 0, 0);
        g.clearRect(0, 0, cw, ch);
        const s = Math.min((cw * 0.92) / GW, (ch - 12) / GH);
        const w = GW * s;
        const h = GH * s;
        const ox = (cw - w) / 2;
        const oy = (ch - h) / 2;
        g.imageSmoothingEnabled = false;
        g.drawImage(off, ox, oy, w, h);
        // 유리 뚜껑 두 장
        g.fillStyle = rgba(glass, 0.9);
        g.fillRect(ox - 2, oy - 5, w + 4, 5);
        g.fillRect(ox - 2, oy + h, w + 4, 5);
        num.textContent = (remainMs() / 1000).toFixed(1);
    }
    const ro = new ResizeObserver(() => {
        resize();
        draw();
    });
    ro.observe(root);
    offs.push(() => ro.disconnect());
    resize();
    resetState();
    syncButtons();
    update(0);
    raf = requestAnimationFrame(frame);
    return () => {
        cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
        offs.forEach((f) => f());
    };
})();

// HourglassSandGrains - vanilla 판(03-cd-hourglass-sand-grains) 의 React 포트. 같은 계산을 useEffect 안에서 돌린다.
import { useEffect, useRef } from "react";
import styles from "./HourglassSandGrains.module.scss";

const cx = (s: string): string => s.split(" ").map((n) => styles[n] ?? n).join(" ");

export default function HourglassSandGrains() {
  const rootRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    const rootEl = rootRef.current;
    if (!rootEl) return;
    const root: HTMLElement = rootEl;
    const reduce: boolean = window.matchMedia("(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)").matches;
    let demo: boolean = !reduce;
    let running: boolean = demo;
    let elapsed = 0;
    let lastTs = -1;
    let lastDraw = -1e9;
    let raf = 0;
    const hooks: { stop: () => void } = { stop: () => {} };
    const offs: Array<() => void> = [];
    const TOTAL_MS = 1500;
    const HOLD_MS = 300;
    const GRAIN_COUNT = 600;
    const DROP_RATE = 240;
    let totalMs = TOTAL_MS;
    const cv = q<HTMLCanvasElement>('[data-r="cv"]');
    const ctx2d = cv.getContext("2d");
    if (!ctx2d) return () => {};
    const g: CanvasRenderingContext2D = ctx2d;
    let cw = 1;
    let ch = 1;
    let dpr = 1;
    // 캔버스 안쪽 해상도를 화면 크기와 devicePixelRatio 에 맞춘다. 리사이즈마다 다시 호출된다
    function fitCanvas(): void {
        const r = cv.getBoundingClientRect();
        dpr = Math.min(2, window.devicePixelRatio || 1);
        cw = Math.max(1, Math.round(r.width));
        ch = Math.max(1, Math.round(r.height));
        cv.width = Math.round(cw * dpr);
        cv.height = Math.round(ch * dpr);
        g.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
    }
    function cssVar(name: string): string {
        return getComputedStyle(root).getPropertyValue(name).trim();
    }
    function parseColor(h: string): number[] {
        // CSS 변수 값은 #rrggbb 로도, rgb(r, g, b) 로도, rgb(100%, 50%, 0%) 로도 나올 수 있다
        const m6 = /^#([0-9a-f]{6})$/i.exec(h);
        if (m6) {
            const n = parseInt(m6[1], 16);
            return [(n >> 16) & 255, (n >> 8) & 255, n & 255];
        }
        const m = /([0-9.]+)(%?)[ ,]+([0-9.]+)(%?)[ ,]+([0-9.]+)(%?)/.exec(h);
        if (!m) return [255, 255, 255];
        const ch = (v: string, pct: string): number => Math.round(pct ? (Number(v) * 255) / 100 : Number(v));
        return [ch(m[1], m[2]), ch(m[3], m[4]), ch(m[5], m[6])];
    }
    function rgba(c: number[], a: number): string {
        return "rgba(" + c[0] + "," + c[1] + "," + c[2] + "," + a.toFixed(3) + ")";
    }
    function q<T extends Element>(sel: string): T {
        return root.querySelector(sel) as T;
    }
    function on(el: EventTarget, type: string, fn: (e: Event) => void): void {
        el.addEventListener(type, fn);
        offs.push(() => el.removeEventListener(type, fn));
    }
    function clamp(v: number, lo: number, hi: number): number {
        return Math.max(lo, Math.min(hi, v));
    }
    // 지수 접근: 프레임률이 달라도 같은 속도가 되도록 dt 를 60fps 프레임 수로 환산해 쓴다
    function approach(x: number, target: number, per: number, dt: number): number {
        return x + (target - x) * (1 - Math.pow(1 - per, dt * 60));
    }
    const toggle = q<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-r="toggle"]');
    const resetBtn = q<HTMLButtonElement>('[data-r="reset"]');
    const status = q<HTMLElement>('[data-r="status"]');
    // 남은 시간. 경과는 rAF 타임스탬프 차이를 누적한 값이라 시계를 따로 읽지 않는다
    function remainMs(): number {
        return clamp(totalMs - elapsed, 0, totalMs);
    }
    function syncButtons(): void {
        toggle.textContent = running ? "멈춤" : "시작";
        toggle.setAttribute("aria-pressed", running ? "true" : "false");
    }
    // 스크린리더 안내는 멈출 때와 끝날 때만 갱신한다. 시연 루프 중에는 읽지 않는다
    function say(msg: string): void {
        if (!demo) status.textContent = msg;
    }
    function stopDemo(): void {
        if (!demo) return;
        demo = false;
        root.classList.remove("is-demo");
        root.removeAttribute("data-demo");
        hooks.stop();
    }
    function restart(): void {
        elapsed = 0;
        resetState();
    }
    function update(dt: number): void {
        tick(dt);
        draw();
    }
    function frame(ts: number): void {
        raf = requestAnimationFrame(frame);
        const raw = lastTs < 0 ? 0 : ts - lastTs;
        lastTs = ts;
        if (running) {
            elapsed += raw;
            if (demo) {
                const cycle = totalMs + HOLD_MS;
                if (elapsed >= cycle) {
                    elapsed %= cycle;
                    resetState();
                }
            } else if (elapsed >= totalMs) {
                elapsed = totalMs;
                running = false;
                say("시간이 다 됐습니다");
                syncButtons();
            }
        }
        if (reduce && ts - lastDraw < 250) return;
        lastDraw = ts;
        update(Math.min(raw, 50) / 1000);
    }
    on(toggle, "click", () => {
        stopDemo();
        if (!running && elapsed >= totalMs) restart();
        running = !running;
        say(running ? "" : "멈췄습니다");
        syncButtons();
        update(0);
    });
    on(resetBtn, "click", () => {
        stopDemo();
        running = false;
        restart();
        say("");
        syncButtons();
        update(0);
    });
    const GW = 96;
    const GH = 96;
    const NECK_TOP = GH / 2 - 1;
    // 목 너비(칸 수): 한 칸 열이 초당 DROP_RATE 알갱이를 흘릴 수 있으니, 필요한 유량 = 알갱이 수 / 시간 을 그 값으로 나눠 올림한다
    const NECK_W = Math.max(2, 2 * Math.ceil(GRAIN_COUNT / (TOTAL_MS / 1000) / DROP_RATE / 2));
    // <sim>
    const grid = new Uint8Array(GW * GH);
    const wall = new Uint8Array(GW * GH);
    let released = 0;
    let seed = 12345;
    let stepNo = 0;
    let acc = 0;
    function halfWidth(r: number): number {
        const d = Math.abs(r - (GH - 1) / 2) - 0.5;
        return NECK_W / 2 + (GW / 2 - 1 - NECK_W / 2) * (d / (GH / 2 - 1));
    }
    function inside(r: number, c: number): boolean {
        if (r < 0 || r >= GH || c < 0 || c >= GW) return false;
        return Math.abs(c + 0.5 - GW / 2) <= halfWidth(r);
    }
    function rand(): number {
        seed = (Math.imul(seed, 1664525) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
        return seed / 4294967296;
    }
    function fillTop(): number {
        grid.fill(0);
        released = 0;
        let n = 0;
        for (let r = NECK_TOP - 1; r >= 0 && n < GRAIN_COUNT; r--) {
            for (let c = 0; c < GW && n < GRAIN_COUNT; c++) {
                if (inside(r, c)) {
                    grid[r * GW + c] = 1;
                    n++;
                }
            }
        }
        return n;
    }
    // 목 위쪽 줄로 들어가는 알갱이는 허용량 allowed 가 남아 있을 때만 통과한다
    function canEnter(r: number, c: number, allowed: number): boolean {
        if (!inside(r, c) || grid[r * GW + c] !== 0) return false;
        if (r === NECK_TOP && released >= allowed) return false;
        return true;
    }
    function move(r: number, c: number, r2: number, c2: number): void {
        grid[r * GW + c] = 0;
        grid[r2 * GW + c2] = 1;
        if (r2 === NECK_TOP) released++;
    }
    // 한 스텝: 아래 칸이 비면 떨어지고, 막히면 좌우 대각선 아래로 미끄러진다(안식각)
    function step(allowed: number): void {
        stepNo++;
        for (let r = GH - 2; r >= 0; r--) {
            const ltr = ((r + stepNo) & 1) === 0;
            for (let k = 0; k < GW; k++) {
                const c = ltr ? k : GW - 1 - k;
                if (grid[r * GW + c] === 0) continue;
                if (canEnter(r + 1, c, allowed)) {
                    move(r, c, r + 1, c);
                    continue;
                }
                const first = rand() < 0.5 ? -1 : 1;
                if (canEnter(r + 1, c + first, allowed) && inside(r, c + first)) move(r, c, r + 1, c + first);
                else if (canEnter(r + 1, c - first, allowed) && inside(r, c - first)) move(r, c, r + 1, c - first);
            }
        }
    }
    function allowedAt(ms: number): number {
        return Math.floor(GRAIN_COUNT * clamp(ms / totalMs, 0, 1) + 1e-6);
    }
    // </sim>
    for (let r = 0; r < GH; r++) {
        for (let c = 0; c < GW; c++) {
            if (inside(r, c)) continue;
            if (inside(r - 1, c) || inside(r + 1, c) || inside(r, c - 1) || inside(r, c + 1)) wall[r * GW + c] = 1;
        }
    }
    const off = document.createElement("canvas");
    off.width = GW;
    off.height = GH;
    const offCtx = off.getContext("2d");
    if (!offCtx) return () => {};
    const oc: CanvasRenderingContext2D = offCtx;
    const img = oc.createImageData(GW, GH);
    const num = q<HTMLElement>('[data-r="num"]');
    let sand = [255, 233, 159];
    let sandB = [255, 200, 150];
    let glass = [182, 216, 255];
    function resize(): void {
        fitCanvas();
        sand = parseColor(cssVar("--sand"));
        sandB = parseColor(cssVar("--sand2"));
        glass = parseColor(cssVar("--glass"));
    }
    function resetState(): void {
        seed = 12345;
        stepNo = 0;
        acc = 0;
        fillTop();
    }
    function tick(dt: number): void {
        const allowed = allowedAt(elapsed);
        if (reduce) {
            // 움직임 줄이기: 낙하 과정 없이 허용량까지 한꺼번에 굴려 결과 모양만 그린다
            for (let i = 0; i < 400 && (released < allowed || i < 30); i++) step(allowed);
            return;
        }
        acc += dt * DROP_RATE;
        let n = Math.floor(acc);
        acc -= n;
        n = Math.min(n, 12);
        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) step(allowed);
    }
    function draw(): void {
        const px = img.data;
        for (let r = 0; r < GH; r++) {
            for (let c = 0; c < GW; c++) {
                const i = r * GW + c;
                const o = i * 4;
                if (grid[i] === 1) {
                    const m = ((r * 7 + c * 13) % 5) / 4;
                    const col = m > 0.5 ? sand : sandB;
                    const sh = 0.9 + 0.1 * m;
                    px[o] = col[0] * sh;
                    px[o + 1] = col[1] * sh;
                    px[o + 2] = col[2] * sh;
                    px[o + 3] = 255;
                } else if (wall[i] === 1) {
                    px[o] = glass[0];
                    px[o + 1] = glass[1];
                    px[o + 2] = glass[2];
                    px[o + 3] = 230;
                } else {
                    px[o + 3] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        oc.putImageData(img, 0, 0);
        g.clearRect(0, 0, cw, ch);
        const s = Math.min((cw * 0.92) / GW, (ch - 12) / GH);
        const w = GW * s;
        const h = GH * s;
        const ox = (cw - w) / 2;
        const oy = (ch - h) / 2;
        g.imageSmoothingEnabled = false;
        g.drawImage(off, ox, oy, w, h);
        // 유리 뚜껑 두 장
        g.fillStyle = rgba(glass, 0.9);
        g.fillRect(ox - 2, oy - 5, w + 4, 5);
        g.fillRect(ox - 2, oy + h, w + 4, 5);
        num.textContent = (remainMs() / 1000).toFixed(1);
    }
    const ro = new ResizeObserver(() => {
        resize();
        draw();
    });
    ro.observe(root);
    offs.push(() => ro.disconnect());
    resize();
    resetState();
    syncButtons();
    update(0);
    raf = requestAnimationFrame(frame);
    return () => {
        cancelAnimationFrame(raf);
        offs.forEach((f) => f());
    };
  }, []);

  return (
    <div className={cx("cd") + " is-demo"} id="cd" data-demo="1" ref={rootRef}>
      <div className={cx("cd__view cd__view--scene")}>
      <canvas className={cx("cd__cv")} data-r="cv" role="img" aria-label="모래알이 목을 지나 떨어지는 모래시계"></canvas>
      <p className={cx("cd__read cd__read--corner")} role="timer"><b data-r="num">1.5</b><span>초</span></p>
      </div>
      <div className={cx("cd__bar")}>
        <button className={cx("cd__btn")} type="button" data-r="toggle">멈춤</button>
        <button className={cx("cd__btn")} type="button" data-r="reset">다시</button>
      </div>
      <p className={cx("cd__sr")} aria-live="polite" data-r="status"></p>
    </div>
  );
}